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Beranda / Scientific Illustration of Fern Art Hand Painted Original 1830

Scientific Illustration of Fern Art Hand Painted Original 1830

Very popular craze Great britain belatedly nineteen century

Pteridomania or Fern-Fever was a Victorian craze for ferns. Decorative arts of the period presented the fern motif in pottery, glass, metal, textiles, woods, printed paper, and sculpture, with ferns "actualization on everything from christening presents to gravestones and memorials".[1]

Clarification [edit]

Pteridomania, significant Fern Madness or Fern Craze, a compound of Pteridophytes and mania, was coined in 1855 past Charles Kingsley in his book Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore:

Your daughters, perhaps, have been seized with the prevailing 'Pteridomania' ... and wrangling over unpronounceable names of species (which seem different in each new Fern-book that they buy) ... and yet y'all cannot deny that they find enjoyment in it, and are more than active, more cheerful, more self-forgetful over it, than they would have been over novels and gossip, crochet and Berlin-wool.[1]

According to ane author:

Although the chief period of popularity of ferns as a decorative motif extended from the 1850s until the 1890s, the interest in ferns had really begun in the belatedly 1830s when the British countryside attracted increasing numbers of apprentice and professional botanists. New discoveries were published in periodicals, particularly The Phytologist: a popular botanical miscellany, which kickoff appeared in 1844.[ii] Ferns proved to be a particularly fruitful group of plants for new records because they had been studied less than flowering plants. Also, ferns were most diverse and abundant in the wilder, wetter, western and northern parts of Britain which were becoming more than accessible through the development of amend roads and the railway.[ane]

Collection and tillage [edit]

The drove of ferns drew enthusiasts from dissimilar social classes and it is said that "even the subcontract labourer or miner could have a collection of British ferns which he had nerveless in the wild and a common interest sometimes brought people of very different social backgrounds together."[1]

For some a stylish hobby and for others a more serious scientific pursuit, fern collecting became commercialised with the sale of merchandise for fern collectors. Equipped with The Ferns of Britain and Ireland or ane of the many other books sold for fern identification, collectors sought out ferns from dealers and in their native habitats across the British Isles and across. Fronds were pressed in albums for brandish in homes. Live plants were also collected for cultivation in gardens and indoors. Nurseries provided not just native species but exotic species from the Americas and other parts of the world.[one]

The Wardian instance, a forerunner of the modern terrarium, was invented about 1829 by Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward to protect his ferns from the air pollution of 19th century London. Wardian cases soon became features of stylish drawing rooms in Western Europe and the The states and helped spread the fern craze and the craze for growing orchids that followed.[3] Ferns were also cultivated in fern houses (greenhouses devoted to ferns) and in outdoor ferneries.

Besides approximately lxx native British species and natural hybrids of ferns, horticulturalists of this era were very interested in and then-called monstrosities – odd variants of wild species. From these they selected hundreds of varieties for cultivation. Polystichum setiferum, Athyrium filix-femina, and Asplenium scolopendrium, for example, each yielded well-nigh three hundred different varieties.[1] [4]

Decorative art [edit]

Fern motifs commencement became conspicuous at the 1862 International Exhibition and remained pop "equally fond symbol of pleasurable pursuits" until the plow of the century.[1]

Every bit fern fronds are somewhat flat they were used for ornament in ways that many other plants could not be. They were glued into collectors' albums, affixed to 3 dimensional objects, used as stencils for "spatter-piece of work", inked and pressed into surfaces for nature printing, so forth.[1]

Fern pottery patterns were introduced by Wedgwood, Mintons Ltd, Royal Worcester, Ridgeway, George Jones, and others, with diverse shapes and styles of decoration including majolica. A memorial to Sir William Jackson Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew was commissioned from Josiah Wedgwood and Sons and erected in Kew Church in 1867 with jasperware panels with practical sprigs representing exotic ferns. A copy was presented to what is now the Victoria and Albert Museum where it may however be seen.[one]

While realistic depictions of ferns were particularly favoured in the decorative arts of this period, "Even when the representation was stylised such equally was common on engraved glass and metallic, the consequence was withal recognisably 'ferny'."[1]

Other species [edit]

Selaginella and Lycopodiopsida and other fern ally plants were also collected and represented on decorative objects.[1]

Furnishings on native populations [edit]

The zeal of Victorian collectors led to significant reductions in the wild populations of a number of the rarer species. Oblong Woodsia came under severe threat in Scotland, especially in the Moffat Hills. This area in one case had the well-nigh extensive Uk populations of the species only there now remain just a few small-scale colonies whose futurity remains nether threat. The related Alpine Woodsia suffered a similar fate, although the risks were non all to the plants. John Sadler, afterward a curator of the Purple Botanic Garden Edinburgh, about lost his life obtaining a fern tuft on a cliff near Moffat, and a botanical guide called William Williams died collecting Alpine Woodsia in Wales in 1861. His body was found at the foot of the cliff where Edward Lhwyd had first collected the species nearly two centuries before.[5] In her botanical guidebook and memoir Hardy Ferns (1865), the author Nona Bellairs called for laws to protect ferns from over-collection: "We must have 'Fern laws', and preserve them like game".[half-dozen]

The Killarney Fern, considered to be 1 of Europe's most threatened plants[7] and once found on Arran, was thought to exist extinct in Scotland due to the activities of 19th century collectors, but the species has since been discovered on Skye in its gametophyte class.[8] [9] Dickie'due south Bladder-fern, which was discovered growing on base-rich rocks in a ocean cave on the coast of Kincardineshire in 1838.[10] By 1860 the original colony seemed to take been extirpated, although the species has recovered and today there is a population of more than 100 plants at that place, where it grows in a roof fissure.[xi] [12]

Outside the Great britain [edit]

Pteridomania is "usually considered a British eccentricity",[13] and historians are divided regarding its reach outside the U.k.. John D. Scott has written:

The craze seemed to have passed America by – most likely considering these same species in America are substantially free of these "freaky" abnormal forms. Information technology may too be due to the fact the American botanists take been for the most part more interested in unravelling the complexities of the species involved in the fern complexes such as Asplenium, Dryopteris, and Botrychium.[fourteen]

On the other paw, historian Sarah Whittingham has "turned upwards much proof that it reached American shores"[13] in her book, Fern Fever: The Story of Pteridomania.[15] The American Fern Society was established in 1893 and now has over 900 members worldwide. The lodge is based at Indiana University and counts itself as "one of the largest international fern clubs in the world."[16] William Ralph Maxon served repeatedly as the society president.[17]

The Dorrance H. Hamilton Fernery at the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania is the merely remaining freestanding Victorian fernery in North America. It has a curved Victorian-style glass roof and turned 100 years former in 1999. Designed by John Morris, the arboretum's namesake, the Fernery is said to embody "some of the many passions of the Victorians: a dear of collecting, a veneration of nature, and the style of romantic gardens...its grid roof sparkling in sunlight.[18]

Pteridomania had negative effects on the Australian environment, in Queensland fern fever saw plants stripped from their natural habitats to feed the appetites of collectors. Epiphytic ferns like Staghorns and Bird'south nests were collected from the wild as they became popular decorative pieces that could be hung. An artful quite peculiar to Queensland was the sight of staghorns adorning public and private infrastructure including Parliament Business firm and major railroad train stations. This practise persisted well into the late twentieth century. [19]

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d eastward f g h i j k Boyd (1993).
  2. ^ George Luxford; Edward Newman (1841). The Phytologist: a pop botanical miscellany. John van Voorst.
  3. ^ "Biography of Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward". Plantexplorers.com. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  4. ^ Boyd (2005).
  5. ^ Lusby and Wright (2002) pp. 107–09.
  6. ^ Bellairs, Nona. Hardy Ferns: How I Collected and Cultivated Them. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1865, p. 77.
  7. ^ "Species Recovery Programme" English Nature. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
  8. ^ Ratcliffe (1977), p. 40.
  9. ^ "Skye Flora". plant-identification.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  10. ^ Lusby and Wright (2002) pp. 35–37.
  11. ^ Lusby and Wright (2002) p. 109.
  12. ^ "Cystopteris dickieana" Scottish plant uses. Retrieved 4 July 2008.
  13. ^ a b Kahn, Eve M. (15 March 2012). "19th-Century Fern Fever, in England and Beyond". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Scott, John D. (Nov 2001). "The Victorian Fern Craze and the American Christmas Fern" (PDF). Dodecatheon. Scott is associated with the Rockland Botanical Garden in Mertztown, Pennsylvania; Dodecatheon is the newsletter of the Delaware Valley Affiliate of the N America Rock Garden Society.
  15. ^ Whittingham (2012).
  16. ^ American Fern Society
  17. ^ Smithsonian Institution Athenaeum
  18. ^ "The Dorrance H. Hamilton Fernery". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007.
  19. ^ CC-BY icon.svg This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Queensland's fern fever (31 Baronial 2021) published past the Country Library of Queensland nether CC-Past licence, accessed on 30 September.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Allen, D. E. (1969). The Victorian Fern Craze: A History of Pteridomania. London: Hutchinson. ISBN9780090998708. OCLC 62148.
  • Boyd, Peter D. A. (1993). "Pteridomania – the Victorian passion for ferns". Revised: web version. 28 (6). Antiquarian Collecting: 9–12. Retrieved 2 October 2007. The online version, dated two January 2002, has been revised from the published version.
  • Boyd, Peter D. A. (Winter 2005). "Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland". The Scottish Garden: 24–29. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  • Hershey, David (1996). "Doctor Ward's Adventitious Terrarium". The American Biology Teacher. 58 (five): 276–281. doi:10.2307/4450151. JSTOR 4450151.
  • Lusby, Phillip and Wright, Jenny (2002). Scottish Wild Plants: Their History, Ecology and Conservation. Edinburgh: Mercat. ISBN i-84183-011-9.
  • Ratcliffe, Derek (1977). Highland Flora. Inverness: HIDB.
  • Whittingham, Sarah (2009). The Victorian Fern Craze. Shire. ISBN 978-0-7478-0746-nine
  • Whittingham, Sarah (2012). Fern Fever: The Story of Pteridomania. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN978-0-7112-3070-5. OCLC 741539015.

External links [edit]

  • Pteridomania video
  • Queensland's fern fever John Oxley Library Weblog, Country Library of Queensland.

eyemakeup1211.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridomania